- Formal context
- One way communication
- Focus on listening and note-taking
- Focus on one person
- Static context
- Few opportunities for student contribution
- Less pressure on students to perform; more pressure on lecturer to perform
- Rehearsed
- Carefully staged and managed
- More autocratic
- Knowledge and ideas are imparted
- Students are largely passive
Seminars
- Less formal context
- Interactive communication
- Focus on listening and responding
- Focus on whole group
- Dynamic context
- Opportunities for all students to contribute
- More pressure on students to perform; less pressure on tutor to perform
- Spontaneous
- Less staged and managed
- More democratic
- Knowledge and ideas are discussed
- Students are active
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