Writing for Academic Purposes

(A) REFERENCES:

(a) A book with one author.
Smith, F. (1978). Reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

(b) A book with more than two authors.
Barr, P., Clegg, J. & Wallace, C. (1981). Advanced reading skills. London: Longman.

(c) The English translation of a book.
Luria, A. R. (1969). The mind of a mnemonist (L. Solotaroff, Trans.). New York: Avon Books. (Original work published 1965)

(d) A newspaper article.
James, R. (1991, December 15). Obesity affects economic social status. The Guardian, p. 18

(e) A CD rom.

a. Newspaper or magazine on CD-ROM:
Gardner, H. (1981, December). Do babies sing a universal song? Psychology Today [CD-ROM], pp. 70-76.
b. Abstract on CD-ROM:
Meyer, A. S. & Bock, K. (1992). The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: Blocking or partial activation? [CD-ROM]. Memory Cognition, 20, 715-726. Abstract from: SilverPlatter File: PsycLIT Item: 80-16351
c. Article from CD-ROM Encyclopedia:
Crime. (1996). In Microsoft Encarta 1996 Encyclopedia [CD-ROM]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation.
d. Dictionary on CD-ROM:
Oxford English dictionary computer file: On compact disc (2nd ed.) [CD-ROM]. (1992). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

(f) A government report.
National Institute of Mental Health. (1982). Television and behaviour: Ten years of scientific progress and implications for the eighties (DHHS Publication No. ADM82-1195). Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.

(g) An article from the Internet.
Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A. Schwartz, A. A. (1995). A history of facilitated communication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience: Science working group on facilitated communication. American Psychologist, 50, 750-765. Retrieved January 25, 1996, from http://www.apa.org/journals/jacobson.html

(h) An unpublished thesis or dissertaion.
Devins, G. M. (1981). Helplessness, depression, and mood in end-stage renal disease. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, McGill University, Montreal.


(B) CITING SOURCES:

(1) What is 'plagiarism'?
Plagiarism is taking another person's words or ideas and using them as if they were your own. It can be either deliberate or accidental. Plagiarism is taken very seriously in UK Higher Education. If even a small section of your work is found to have been plagiarised, it is likely that you will be assigned a mark of '0' for that assignment. In more serious cases, it may be necessary for you to repeat the course completely. In some cases, plagiarism may even lead to your being expelled from the university.

(2) What are 3 reasons for using quotations?
1. quote if you use another person's words: you must not use another person's words as your own;
2. you need to support your points, quoting is one way to do this;
3. quote if the language used in the quotation says what you want to say particularly well.

(3) What are 5 reasons for NOT using quotations?
1. do not quote if the information is well-known in your subject area;
2. do not use a quotation that disagrees with your argument unless you can prove it is wrong;
3.do not quote if you cannot understand the meaning of the original source;
4. do not quote if you are not able to paraphrase the original;
5. do not use quotations to make your points for you; use them to support your points.

(4) What are 5 different expressions you can use to refer to someone's work when not quoting them exactly? (eg. The work of X indicates that...)
1. The work of X reveals that ...
2. A study by X shows that ...
3. X rightly points out that ...
4. Reference to X reveals that ...
5. Turning to X, one finds that ...

(5) What are 5 different ways you can quote an author's work exactly?
(eg. As X said/says, '...')
1. As X stated/states, "... ..."
2. As X commented/comments, "... ..."
3. It was X who said that "... ..."
4. This example is given by X: "... ..."
5. The opinion of X is that, "... ..."

(6) What are 5 ways of stating a conclusion after quoting some evidence?
(eg. The evidence seems to indicate that...)
1. It must therefore be recognised that...
2. The indications are therefore that...
3. Thus it could be concluded that...
4. On this basis it may be inferred that...
5. Given this evidence, it can be seen that...

Reading Exercises

http://www.flo-joe.co.uk/fce/students/tests/3part2.ht
8/8

http://www.flo-joe.co.uk/fce/students/tests/2part2.htm
7/8

http://www.flo-joe.co.uk/fce/students/tests/part2.htm
8/8

Academic Word Exercises

http://web.uvic.ca/~gluton/awl/AWLSublist01-Ex4a.htm
AWL Sublist 1 - Exercise 4a
Correct! Well done.Your score is 100%.

http://web.uvic.ca/~gluton/awl/AWLSublist01-Ex4b.htm
AWL Sublist 1 - Exercise 4b
Correct! Well done.Your score is 100%.

http://web.uvic.ca/~gluton/awl/AWLSublist01-Ex4c.htm
AWL Sublist 1 - Exercise 4c
Correct! Well done.Your score is 80%.

http://web.uvic.ca/~gluton/awl/AWLSublist01-Ex5a.htm
AWL Sublist 1 - Exercise 5a
Correct! Well done.Your score is 100%.

http://web.uvic.ca/~gluton/awl/AWLSublist01-Ex5b.htm
AWL Sublist 1 - Exercise 5b
Correct! Well done.Your score is 100%.

http://web.uvic.ca/~gluton/awl/AWLSublist01-Ex5c.htm
AWL Sublist 1 - Exercise 5c
Correct! Well done.Your score is 70%.

Dilek's Homework

It is generally believed that fair trade encourages development of the local communities. Specifically, producers of fair trade goods use their financial and techincal expertise in their commuinities. For example, a coffee co-operative in Mexico started a public bus service in the village. Moreover, it seems likely that fair trade helps to reduce environmental damage, in particular, many fair trade producers use systems which allow the soil to recover naturally without chemicals. For instance, producers of organic rice in Thailand use traditional techniques which do not use chemicals or exhaust the soil.

Checklist important skills for presentation

Presentation skills
-Clear introduction?
-Linking?
-Clear conclusion?
-Easy to follow?
-Do they know their topic?

Note taking skills
-Were the notes clear?
-Easy to read?
-Too much/Too little information?

Language skills
-Pronunciation?
-Correct grammar?
-Correct vocabulary?

Effects of Globalisation

John Rivetts
-West needs new markets
-Exploits the developing world for new markets
+ve some countries get the goods they want
-ve effects e.g. Tobacco related deaths
steady rise developed world
dramatic rise developing
-Market share of ethical goods under 2%
-Hollywood - dominant culture/lifestyle/advertising
-Traffic of trade is too heavy in one direction

Prof. Naomi Kent
-Consumers everywhere buying different goods
-More imports from the develpoing world
-Ethical consumer
against animal testing
sweatshops
environmental dasmage
-E.C. puts pressure on manufacturers
-Consumer make choices

Globalisation

Positive effects

-Distribution of resources

-Products available in every market at a lower price

-Creates jobs

-Everyone shares the benefits within the country

-Educational opportunities

-Developed technologies

-Economic growth

-Access to information

-Improved international relationships/understanding

Negative effects

-Rich get richer unfair distribution of wealth

-Exploitation of poorer countries

-Pollution from increased transport, industries

-Countries become dependent on key industries and imports

-Imbalance in import/export

-Loss of local culture, traditions, language, customs

Meaning of Words

speculation
-noun
1. the contemplation or consideration of some subject: to engage in speculation on humanity's ultimate destiny.
2. a single instance or process of consideration.
3. a conclusion or opinion reached by such contemplation: These speculations are impossible to verify.
4. conjectural consideration of a matter; conjecture or surmise: a report based on speculation rather than facts.
5. engagement in business transactions involving considerable risk but offering the chance of large gains, esp. trading in commodities, stocks, etc., in the hope of profit from changes in the market price.
6. a speculative commercial venture or undertaking.

speculate
-verb (used without object)
1. to engage in thought or reflection; meditate (often fol. by on, upon, or a clause).
2. to indulge in conjectural thought.
3. to engage in any business transaction involving considerable risk or the chance of large gains, esp. to buy and sell commodities, stocks, etc., in the expectation of a quick or very large profit.

Caution
-noun
1. alertness and prudence in a hazardous situation; care; wariness: Landslides ahead—proceed with caution.
2. a warning against danger or evil; anything serving as a warning: By way of caution, he told me the difficulties I would face.
3. Informal. a person or thing that astonishes or causes mild apprehension: She's a caution. The way he challenges your remarks is a caution.
–verb (used with object)
4. to give warning to; advise or urge to take heed.
–verb (used without object)
5. to warn or advise: The newspapers caution against overoptimism.

Introduction and First Paragraph

‘Increased use of science and technology to fight crime is an infringement on personal privacy.’ To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

Nowadays, as science and technology significantly advance, there are a lot of new inventions which make our lives more comfortable and more harmless. The science and technology also become effective instruments to prevent crime and terrorism such as CCTV (Closed Circuit Television), the use of biometrics, DNA databases. However, some people consider that these technologies are transgressing to private right. They want to have freedom to do anything without surveillance. In the case of liberty, it may be true but if there are no methods to control human’s behaviors, our society will be savage and unsystematic. "A CCTV system will have the potential to reduce numerous city problems if the plan is integrated with other systems appropriately." (Chareonwongsak, 2008) This essay will argue that the extensive use of science and technology to defend crime is essential for us and it does not plentifully infringe on individual privacy. First of all, it will indicate science and technology have lots benefits more than disadvantages. Secondly, it will suggest government should adequately provide the new technologies in the country. Finally, it will persuade people who disagree with the use of science and technology to adjust their notion.

A common viewpoint is that the new technologies affect privacy and cause some people to feel nervous. Nevertheless, these are not crucial factors to damage the privacy because there is a protection act to restrict approaching the data. Definitely, science and technology are the best way to fight crime and they are reliable evidences in order to affirm criminals. They are also the powerful obstructions for criminals to realize that they will be arrested. Moreover, they support policemen to satisfactorily perform and strongly investigate. According to Malaysia Crime Watch (2007), "with the enhanced images of the closed circuit television (CCTV) system provided by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation, police are now able to make progress on the suspects responsible for the kidnap and murder of 8-year-old Nurin Jazlin Jazimin". They exactly reduce the damages which are the origin of crime as well.

Arming the police

It is often argued that a considerable police policy concerning the use of force, especially deadly force, is legal right. Some police officials believe that a police officer should use a firearm to defense of a life in immediate jeopardy and also to suddenly restrain the terrorists. However, the deadly force may have a high risk for killing the innocent people that they just only frighten the police and run away. This is exemplified by Jean-Charles De Menezes, the Brazillian, was mistakenly shot by anti-terrrorist police in a London underground station in 2005. So it is the crucial lessons that to prevent appearing this situation in the future.

Light Bulb invention

One of the most popular electrical appliances, which almost houses all over the world have, is light bulbs. Instead of using lamps, they effectively illuminate the night and they are more convenient. The first light bulb was invented in 1879 by Thomas Alva Edison. He was neither the first nor the only person trying to invent an incandescent light bulb. In 1809 Humphrey Davy, an English chemist, was the first scientist who started the journey to the invention of a practical incandescent light source. He used a high power battery to induce current between two charcoal strips. The current flowing through the two charcoal strips produced an intense incandescent light, creating the first arc lamp.

Academic words exercises

http://web.uvic.ca/~gluton/awl/id21.htm

AWL Sublist 1 - Exercise 1a
Correct! Well done.Your score is 100%.

AWL Sublist 1 - Exercise 1b
Correct! Well done.Your score is 100%.

AWL Sublist 1 - Exercise 1c
Correct! Well done.Your score is 100%.

AWL Sublist 1 - Exercise 2a
Correct! Well done.Your score is 100%.

AWL Sublist 1 - Exercise 2b
Correct! Well done.Your score is 100%.

AWL Sublist 1 - Exercise 2c
Correct! Well done.Your score is 80%.

AWL Sublist 1 - Exercise 3a
Correct! Well done.Your score is 100%.

AWL Sublist 1 - Exercise 3b
Correct! Well done.Your score is 100%.

AWL Sublist 1 - Exercise 3c
Correct! Well done.Your score is 80%.

AWL Highlighter Academic words from Introduction

technology
media
access
via
resources
consist
prime
source
images
research
indicate
Finally

Roots Prefixs and Suffixs

http://ueno.cool.ne.jp/let/prefix.html

Learning some prefixs from game

http://www.learnenglish.org.uk/CET/flashactivities/learnenglish-central-grammar-prefixes.html

anti(-) [against, opposite]
biotic
aircraft
dote
pathy
climate
depressant

co- [together]
author
founder
operate
ordinate
pilot
star

de [from, down, away]
classify
colonise
compose
compress
crease
face

dis [away, not, negative]
agree
advantage
able
appoint
connect
criminate

Internet research and sentence structure

Spending free time in front of the TV alone or with friends to watch the news, movies, or sport events, has become a habit for most people. Habitual behaviour is potentially harmful because it’s passive and uninvolved. Moreover, these people usually prefer indoor activities such as playing computer games and watching TV and are not eager to attend public events, study and develop family relationships. "Studies have shown that teens who watch lots of sexual content on TV are more likely to initiate intercourse or participate in other sexual activities earlier than peers who don't watch sexually explicit shows" (Gavin MD., 2005).

How do we find this information?
1. go to http://www.yahoo.com/
2. type >>>research about TV bad effect<<< then click search
3. on the first page look for How TV Affects Your Child >>> click
4. Risky Behaviors
Note: It took me about 15 minutes.

Friday Self-study

http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/introductions.htm
http://www.uefap.com/writing/writfram.htm

1. Looking at the information on both the websites – what should a good introduction contain?
The introduction consists of two parts:
a) It should include a few general statements about the subject to provide a background to your essay and to attract the reader's attention. It should try to explain why you are writing the essay. It may include a definition of terms in the context of the essay, etc.
b) It should also include a statement of the specific subdivisions of the topic and/or indication of how the topic is going to be tackled in order to specifically address the question.

2. On the University of Manchester page, look at the suggested language for different sections of the introduction. Which verb tenses are most commonly used in each section? (write down a verb tense and an example for each…)
-Establishing the importance of the topic:
Present Simple Tense>>>One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philososphy is ......
-Establishing the importance of the topic (time frame given):
Present Perfect Tense>>>Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in ......
-Highlighting a problem or controversy in the field of study:
Present Perfect Tense>>>The issue has grown in importance in light of recent ......
-Highlighting a knowledge gap in the field of study:
Present Perfect Tense>>>So far this method has only been applied to ......
-Focus and aim:
Present Simple Tense>>>The aim of this paper is to determine/examine ......
-Outline of structure:
Present Simple Tense>>>The last chapter assesses the ......

1. What is the introduction a chance for you to do?
to make a first impression
2. Why do you think planning is important when you are writing an introduction?
because it can help an introduction be more effective and help manage the time.
3. Look at the example essay question: "Is the present level of immigration in the United Kingdom beneficial to the country?" Read the introduction (below the plan). You should be able to see that the introduction contains all the elements from your answer to question 1 in the Section A. Also, notice the use of verb tenses.
Present Simple, Present Perfect, Future Simple
4. 'The present level of immigration in the United Kingdom is beneficial to the country'. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement.

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in immigration. People move to developed countries in order to look for getting better in the quality of life. The UK is one of the most popular choices of them which there are a lot of ethnics. In recent years, the number of immigrants, especially who from the new European Union countries, to the UK has dramatically increased. Moreover, there is also a constant flow of migrants from other parts of the world, some of whom arrive seeking refuge from war or famine and some of whom claim asylum. Most people consider that it is a threat for the country. "It says competition from immigrants has had a negative impact on the low paid and training for young UK workers, and has contributed to high house prices"(BBC, 2008). On the one hand it may cause a lot of problems in the UK, on the other hand it may be beneficial to the country. This essay will attempt to explore the benefits to the UK of immigration by firstly examining the economic arguments surrounding the issue, and then by looking at the social issues involved.

Differences between lectures and seminars

Lectures

1. Formal context
2. One way communication
3. Focus on listening and note-taking
4. Focus on one person
5. Static context
6. Few opportunities for student contribution
7. Less pressure on students to perform; more pressure on lecturer to perform
8. Rehearsed
9. Carefully staged and managed
10. More autocratic
11. Knowledge and ideas are imparted
12. Students are largely passive

Seminars

1. Less formal context
2. Interactive communication
3. Focus on listening and responding
4. Focus on whole group
5. Dynamic context
6. Opportunities for all students to contribute
7. More pressure on students to perform; less pressure on tutor to perform
8. Spontaneous
9. Less staged and managed
10. More democratic
11. Knowledge and ideas are discussed
12. Students are active

MOST IMPORTANT GRAMMAR POINTS

1. Which of the grammar points you have problems with are more important for a) writing b) speaking c) both?
a) Word Meaning, Phrasal Verbs and Collocation
b) Verb Patterns
c) Word Meaning and phrasal Verbs

2. Do you think that doing lots and lots of grammar exercises is the best way to improve your grammar?
I think it is not the best way to improve my grammar because if I do a lot of exercises so I can remember only some grammar and mayber I can remember for a short time.

3. Can you think of any other activities that you could do without having to pick up a grammar book?
- speak to others with realize about grammar principle such as I went to..., I am going to...,
I go..., I have been...
- read the newspaper (Metro, London Lite) or listen to the radio (BBC) and try to use grammar which appear in the other way.
- passive knowledge from Steve and Jim ^ ^

4. How do you think you've learnt the grammar you already know well?
My teachers taght me about grammar principle in each lesson and then they gave me some homeworks, after that they answered the homeworks in the classroom. Finally, there was an examination about the grammar that I used to learn.

Words Quiz

From:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/spelling/recognising/homophones/quiz.shtml


Words quiz 'Homophones' level A - results
Well done, you've finished the quiz. You scored 10/10 [100.0%]

Words quiz 'Homophones' level B - results
Well done, you've finished the quiz. You scored 9/10 [90.0%]

Words quiz 'Homophones' level C - results
Well done, you've finished the quiz. You scored 10/10 [100.0%]